| Pammal Vijayaranga Sambandha Mudaliar | |
|---|---|
Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar |
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| Born | Pammal, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Occupation | Playwright |
| Education | Pachaiyappa's College |
Pammal Vijayaranga Sambandha Mudaliar, popularly known as the father of modern Tamil theatre[1] was a great playwight of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He made enormous contributions to the Tamil drama.
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Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar was born in Pammal, Chennai to Vijayaranga Mudaliar and Manickavelu Ammal[2] in 1873. He had his education at Govindappa Naicker School and then at Pachaiyappa's School. He went to Pachaiyappa's College.[3] He studied law and practised as a lawyer from 1924 to 1928. When he started his career as a lawyer he detested Tamil plays. The reason was Mudaliar found the Tamil theatre as obscene and crude, but held some respect for English drama.
Mudaliar developed an impression towards Tamil Drama when he happened to see the stage drama enacted by the actor Bellary krishnamacharlu in the then Madras. He also learnt that the actors of that group, the Sarasa Vinodini Sabha, worked in high government positions. His ambition to do similar reformist theatre in Tamil goaded him to start the amateur Suguna Vilasa Sabha the following year.[4]
Pammal Vijayaranga Sambandha Mudaliar staged the first social drama, Pushpavalli in 1893, and adapted English and Sanskrit plays. These received with much enthusiasm. Educated people turned their attention to the potential of theatre. Some even joined the Sabha and began acting. It became a centre of great moral and educational value. Songs were given a back seat, prose gained significance, and realistic acting was stressed. Mudaliar changed stage conventions, creating new sets and scenery that surprised viewers. T. P. Krishnaswamy Pavalar, hailed as a great teacher of Tamil drama, was a product of the Sabha. After retiring as a judge, Mudaliar continued acting for it.
He wrote ninety-six plays.[5] All of these were premiered by Suguna Vilasa Sabha, in many of which he acted the lead. Subsequently, other sabhas or groups produced their own versions. His Lilavati-Sulochana in 1895, Manoham which was published in 1907, Amaladitya i.e. Shakespeare's Hamlet[6] that published in 1908, Makapati i.e. Shakespeare's Macbeth, published in 1910, and Sabhapati that published in 1918 were the first Tamil plays in prose dialogue while others still performed Puranic musicals. He gave equal importance to narrative and aesthetics in drama. He composed scripts that could be performed within three hours, a revolutionary concept when Tamil productions normally took twice that time. Quite a few were cinematized later, such as Yayati in 1908, Ratnavali was adapted from Harsha in 1910, and the originals mentioned above. He was also the only person of his generation to voluminously record his experiences and views, which document the theatre history of that period. He left behind six volumes of stage memoirs and a handbook for actors.
Mudaliar was also responsible for denoting the actors as Kalaignan instead of the derogatory term koothadi which was then in use.[7] Mudaliar's productions brought to the forefront the dignity of theatre as a profession and dealt with actors as respectable citizens. Eminent personalities patronized his shows. He was responsible for earning theatre a legitimate space in the cultural activity of Tamil Nadu. Following his footsteps, high-placed officials formed their own sabhas, literate youth were drawn to theatre, and many district sabhas began. His troupe toured the districts as well as Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, and Singapore, making expatriate Tamils interested in theatre. Pammal Vijayaranga Sambandha Mudaliar died in the year 1964.